All posts by Sheetal Rajput

Require an Appropriate LNA

The cutting-edge Raditek Low noise amplifier (LNA) is engineered to boost the low-power frequency signals received without degrading the SN ratio. Our LNAs are preferred over others in the trade on account of its quality output.

Raditek LNAs are also engineered to de-amplify bigger signals in the systems that produce intermodulation distortion.

Our innovatively designed low noise amplifier is configured with low-noise components, operating points and surface topologies which work to boost the power of calibrated RF/microwave signals and propagate it further into the system and attenuating the rest.

Raditek low noise amplifier is most used in frontline receivers including those in cell phones, GPS devices and Wi-Fi systems.

The most important determinants of a good LNA are 1) the Gain it provides 2) Low noise figures 3) Excellent linearity and 4) Maximum RF output.

Raditek Low noise amplifier provides required Gain of 10dB and more basis the design specifications, Low noise figure and large enough inter-modulation and compressions point.

Our LNAs are based on the latest Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) or Gallium Nitrate (GaN) based transistor technology which is known for its excellent linearity, bandwidth, stability, flatness, and low VSWR.

Therefore, Raditek low noise amplifier is preferred over its rivals and furthermore it is built to withstand harsh thermal environments.

Refer our engineers to help selection of the right LNA.

Full details can be found at the Raditek website.

OCXO – The Electronic Heart

A precision timing device, such as an OCXO, is judged on the accuracy of its frequency pulse and its stability.

Raditek manufactures such state-of-the-art oven controlled crystal oscillators (OCXOs) that offers not only unsurpassed levels high stability and reliability but also low phase noise and low jitter OXCO.

Volatility in the operating temperature in the regular crystal oscillators result in variations the frequency pulse at the output level and therefore “oven-ized” crystal oscillators are used for pulse accuracy.

A Raditek oven controlled crystal oscillator is a well-designed standard crystal oscillator in a thermostatic oven that regulates the surrounding temperature to ensure optimal performance and precise frequency pulses.

Furthermore, Raditek uses “AC or SC Cut” trimmed quartz to extract its optimum vibrating stability which is integral for applications and appliances like electronic communication systems, field testing devices, and other similar laboratory equipment.

Because our OCXO delivers thermal stability of at least ±1 x 10-8, it is thus preferred over the others.

Raditek also provides a double oven controlled crystal oscillator for increased stability above ±1 x 10-8. This oscillator ensures an exact frequency pulse, necessary for military communication equipment, cell towers, radio transmitters, and precision frequency measuring devices.

Furthermore, Raditek OCXOs also available in different types of packages and package styles, at compelling prices.

Full details can be found at the Raditek website.

Drop in Isolator – Attenuates Distortion

Drop in isolators are configured for easy integration into a desired RF circuitry without painstaking toil, as if it were just dropped in on a PCB board and therefore the name.

Raditek drop in isolators are based on microstrip and stripline electronics, making it simple to connect to a given circuit. Our cutting-edge drop-in isolator transmits signals in a one-way direction via a transversely magnetized ferrite junction on a selected output port for further use.

The important features of our drop in isolator are: 1) Appropriate for the MHz and GHz frequency spectrums based on its model 2)  Microstrip configuration allows for easy connectivity 3) Provides high isolation 4) Compact dimensions crowded circuit topological landscape 5) Available in power handling capacity for different applications.

State-of-the-art Raditek drop in isolators find favor in many crucial communication devices and systems where there is scope for excessive signal reflection. Shielding such applications from reflected signals is crucial, as it causes noise and distortions of all sorts that sabotage optimal performance.

Raditek drop in isolators provide the required shield and hence find preferred use in cellular networks, military applications, law enforcement agencies, and commercial wireless and governmental and defense communication systems.

Raditek’s drop-in isolators are built to deliver calibrated performance in a thermal range of minus 50°C to 100°C.

Full details can be found at the Raditek website.

Dependable Rubidium Oscillator

Rubidium oscillators are oven-controlled crystal oscillators (OCXOs) whose output is tethered to an inbuilt rubidium (atomic) clock, which is noted for its precise frequency (oscillations) output.

Due to the internal and external working environments, a standard OCXO is prone to triggering weak amplitude, resulting in incorrect frequency output.

Telecommunication infrastructure, TV broadcast systems, GPS systems, LTE systems, and other time distribution services, require only such oscillators which ensure the delivery of accurate frequency timing and with the required intensity.

Therefore, the output of oven-controlled crystal oscillators is harnessed to an inbuilt rubidium “physics circuit” which provides consistent accurate oscillation at calibrated amplitude.

Such OXCOs are called Rubidium oscillators. Rb oscillators discipline the OCXO to its hyperfine transition of 6834682610.904 Hz.

Furthermore, unlike typical OCXOs, rubidium oscillators have a high-temperature tolerance. It functions without any drifts/distortions in temperatures ranging from Minus 30 degrees to Plus 60 degrees.

Out of the two types of a rubidium oscillator, the first one, a precision rubidium oscillator, is used for synchronization operation in Tele-network and measurement devices.

The second one, a low phase noise oscillator, is used in applications where the smallness of the size matters like in CDMA, WiMAX, and LTE base station.

Rubidium oscillators are cost-effective and are guaranteed for durability and best performance. Both available from Raditek Inc. See our website.

Solid State Amplifier – Salient Facilitators

A solid-state power amplifier, also known as SSPA, increase the amplitude of the input signal without a change in its other parameters like frequency or the waveform.

Solid-state power amplifiers are used in applications that warrant large amplification of the input frequencies/signals. Power amplifiers are available in the frequency range from 0.30GHz to 100GHz.

Unlike their predecessors, SSPAs are fitted with solid-state transistors made of Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) or Gallium Nitrate (GaN) which do the bulk of amplification job. Further, GaAs transistor-based amplifiers are known to provide the best linearity and GaN-based amplifiers offer the best efficiency in terms of its output.

SSPA is used in applications that demand precision and accuracy such as airborne applications, missiles, radars, and other important and critical communication systems. These are also widely used in high-tech laboratory equipment and field testing systems.

Alongside its use in hi-tech systems, it is also widely used in wireless communications, broadcasting, and audio amplification applications.

The use of cutting-edge transistor technology has enabled solid-state amplifiers to outperform TWTAs in terms of efficiency, reliability, and cost-effectiveness.

Moreover, the most recent SSPAs are adaptable to X and Ku band applications and can factor in customers specifications too.

Furthermore, Raditek state-of-the-art flexible power amplifiers can handle ultra-high-frequency power ranging from Watts to Kilowatts with ease.

Amazing Rotary Joint Sections

A Waveguide rotary joint is used to connect two different types of RF waveguides used in an application. In the rotating part the electrical continuity is achieved by using certain types of chokes eliminating the metal contacts.

Waveguide rotary joint has ports in U-style, L-style, or both the ports in I-style, vis-à-vis its rotational axis. Rotary joints are available for all frequency bands.

Waveguides rotary joints, also known as RF rotary joints, are used to transmit microwave energy from fixed lines to the rotating ones without degradation in their performance.

Waveguide rotary joint differs in terms of its fabrication, material used, cross-sections, and most importantly, its physical dimensions.

Most rotating joints have differently shaped cross-sections made of aluminum, brass, copper, and silver. However, its components are made of stainless steel, specialty steels, or jacketed bi-metallic alloys.

Flexible or twistable single, double, or quad ridged waveguide rotary joint components with as many apertures are also available in the trade. Waveguide dimensional parameters are very important to achieve calibrated output performance.

Performance features like frequency range, EIA size, VSWR, insertion loss and isolation are integral specifications that decide its presence and appropriateness in a circuitry.

Although waveguide rotary joints are manufactured as per U. S. military specification, it may be also customized as per required industrial or commercial specifications. A full range can be seen on the Raditek website.

The Core of Communication Devices

OXCO is actually a normal quartz crystal oscillator that is housed in a mini thermostatic oven in order to maintain an constant (required) temperature at all times and conditions.

Changes in the temperature can cause a drift in the center frequency and drastically jeopardize the calibrated output parameters. And therefore, the use of oven-controlled crystal oscillators becomes eminent.

Aside from the oven, quartz crystal temperatures are also managed by providing it with various forms of trimming known as “Cuts,” which also aids in preserving the pulse’s stability.

However, it is necessary to carry out checks and recalibrate crystal and heat element aging to ensure accurate performance at all times.

OCXO is the top-performing quartz with remarkable frequency stability. As a result, they are used in the precision applications and systems like cell towers, commercial radio transmitters, and military communication equipment.

Though an OXCO is bigger, expensive, and consumes a greater power than its regular equivalents, it compensates for these disadvantages by providing super frequency stability over a long period of time that the conventional oscillators cannot offer.

There are two types of Oven-ized crystal oscillators available on the market:

1) Precision oven-controlled crystal oscillators and
2) High precision (Low Phase Noise) OCXO

These are used basis the application designs and circuitry needs. See Raditek website.

Waveguide Rotary Joint – Crucial Component for Radar Applications

Waveguide rotary joint is used to connect two different types of RF waveguides in a communication system. With the use of a waveguide rotary joint, a free rotational movement can be achieved without degrading the performance of microwave RF signals.

A waveguide rotary joint component is an electro-mechanical component used to transmit microwave signals-radio bands or a pulse from other spectrum-from a stationary line to a rotating line or vice versa.

The needed electrical continuity in a waveguide rotary joint is achieved by using λ/4-chokes which eliminates metal contacts that are susceptible to metal fatigue and wear and tear.

A waveguide rotary joint can have both the waveguide ports a right angle to the rotational axis, or have a “U-style”, “L-style” or an “I-style” configuration depending upon the modules which are available across the frequency bands.

Most waveguide rotary joint use rectangular, circular, or elliptical cross-section made of aluminum, brass, bronze, copper, silver, stainless steel and metallic alloys.

Waveguide rotary joint is extensively used in airport surveillance radars, guided missile technology, and other radar applications.

Its rugged make, minimum phase WOW, stable phase linearity make a waveguide rotary joint a perfect fit for high power applications. These can also be which can also be custom-made for a specific design/application.

OXCO – The Temperature and Frequency Stabilizer

The quartz crystal in an electronic oscillator needs to be maintained at a constant operating temperature to prevent changes in its frequency due to variations in the ambient temperature.

Therefore, in order to maintain the crystal oscillator at a required temperature, it is housed in an oven with the thermostat devise that indicates the existence of the calibrated oven temperature. Such an improvised devise is called OCXO-Oven controlled crystal oscillator.

Normal operating temperature of a standard commercial OCXO is 75 °C but would vary from 30 – 80 °C depending upon the set-up and that of its industrial version is specified to -40 – +85 °C

Thus, such a design of an OCXO prevents temperature drifts and provides the highest stability that a crystal oscillator can provide. Further, frequency stability is also fine-tuned by the types of cuts on the quartz crystal-AT Cut and SC Cut.

Therefore it is quite obvious that OCXO is predominantly used in applications where the frequency control is a crucial factor like radio transmitters, cellular base stations, defense communication devices, and precision frequency measurement equipment.

OCXO is bulkier in size, expensive and power-consuming. However, the frequency and temperature stability provided by OCXOs are much better than what the TXCOs provide.

Routine service checks are recommended to assess the health of performing elements.

Microwave Frequency Signal Boosters

Microwave amplifiers are vital solid-state devices in the frequency range of 1to 100GHz to enhance the power, amplitude, or the oscillation span of input signals without providing additional distortion to its waveform, spectral composition and signal-to-noise ratio.

In other words, microwave amplifiers provide gain, stability, power, and linearity to the microwave signals received by it in a system.

Microwave amplifiers are used in all sorts of common electronic systems as also in ultra-tech electronic systems like electromagnetic compatibility systems (EMC), electromagnetic interference (EMI), defense systems, medical aid, and diagnostic systems, laboratory and field testing devices.

Microwave amplifiers are classified in many different ways. However, there are four broad categories based on the role it plays in generic super-heterodyne receiver.

Low noise amplifiers (LNA): Simple microwave amplifiers-takes low level signals from the transmission medium and amplifies it with minimal additional noise.

Power Amplifier (PA): Amplifies high level signals received and enhance it further to transmit it over lossy medium.

Linear signal amplifier (LSA): Generic amplifiers also called gain blocks. Provides signal gain with a system.

Driver amplifier (DA): Suited for single frequency operations as in synthesizers or amplifiers for local oscillator (LO) driving a mixer.

Microwave amplifier generates a lot of heat; hence need to ensure that it has a built-in cooling system, integral to its performance.